Phonetics

The scientific study of speech sounds is called phonetics. It is a study at a general level.

Phonology
The scientific study of speech sounds of a particular language is called Phonology.

Sound
The audible noise produced by the human vocal system to express a meaning is called sound.

English speech sounds
There are 44 Phonemic sounds in English. There are 20 vowels and 24 consonants.

Vowel
A sound articulated with minimum obstruction to the airflow is called a vowel sound.

Consonant
A sound produced with a noticeable obstruction to the airflow is called consonant.

List of consonants

Plosives
/p/ /pIt/ /pIk/ /pi:k/ /spi:k/ /sli:p/
/b/ /bO:l/ /bQks/ /b@lu:n/
/t/ /tel/ /bQtl/ /t{p/ /nQt/ /tUk/ /tenj@/
/d/ /dId/ /dQl/ /da:lIN/ /d{S/ /daUn/ /mi:d@U/
/k/ /ka:t/ /k{Ng@ru:/ /k@t{str@fi/
/g/ /g@Ul/ /m{Ng@U/ /m{gn@t/ /l@gu:n/

Fricatives
/f/ /fIS/ /fQsIl/ /fe@/ /fai@/ /f{lk@n/
/v/ /veri/ /evri/ /sli:v/ v@hi:kl/
/s/ /sevr@l/ /seIv/ /seIf/ /mesIdZ/
/z/ /zu:/ /zi:l/ /zest/ /zebr@/ /b@za:/
/T/ /TIN/ /T{N ju/ /helTi/ /welTi/
/D/ /D@/ /Di:/ /DeI/ /wID/ /weD@/
/S/ /SO:l/ /Se@/ /b{SfUl/ /gri:nIS/
/Z/ /leZ@/ /meZ@/ /vIZn/ /treZ@/
/h/ /ha:t/ /h{t/ /hi:t/ /hVt/ /hO:l/
Affricates
/tS/ /tSIn/ /tS3:bi/ /tSi:ks/ /m{tSl@s/
/dZ/ /dZ{m/ /dZi:nz/ /m{dZIk/

Nasals
/m/ /m{n/ /wUm@n/ /mUzlIm/ /m@leIzI@/
/n/ /nek/ /nekl@s/ /nItIN/ /ni:dl/ /ven@m/
/N/ /INlIS/ /rINklz/ /sININ/ /fINg@/

Lateral
/l/ /leg/ /la:st/ /li:k/ lItl/ /mVlberi/

Approximants
/w/ /wIg/ /w{g@n/ /weIdZIz/ /waU/
/r/ /rIbn/ r{tlIN/ /reslIN/ /sprIN/
/j/ /jet/ /jes/ /jel@U/ /{titju:d/

All participants are requested to point out any mistake they find in this document. This cooperation will be most regarded.

Vowels
/i:/ /i:l/ /li:/ /i:t/ /ti:/ /sti:p/
/I/ /It/ /If/ /Il/ /fIl/ /sIk/ /pINk/ /IstaUndIN/
/e/ /eg/ /keg/ /leg/ /net/ /eld@/ /Selt@/
/{/ /{n/ /{t/ /tS{t/ /{bstr{kt/ /m{ksIm@m/
/a:/ /a:t/ /a:k/ /ta:sk/ /ra:skl/ /da:ns/ /ma:st/
/V/ /kVt/ /dVk/ /rVS/ /mVS/ /hIkVf/ /gVn/ /stVn/
/Q/ /Qks/ /fQks/ /rQk/ /gQt/ /dQn/
/O:/ /wO;n/ /jO:n/ /fO:l/ /rItO:t/
/U/ /bUk/ /pUt/ /pU@/ /stAUt/ /mAUnd/
/u:/ /ru:Z/ /mu:d/ /fu:d/ /wu:l/ /sku:l/
/@/ /@la:s/ /@t{k/ /rIv@/ /wO;t
/3:/ /j3:/ /h3:/ /kl3:k/ /d3:t/

Diphthongs
There are eight diphthongs in English. A diphthong is a glide from one vowel to another with the first vowel slightly longer than the second.

/eI/ /deI/ /weI/ seI/ steI/ /eI/
/AI/ /aI/ /waI/ /hAI/ /maI/ /pAIraIt/
/OI/ /bOI/ /nOIz/ /kOI/ /kOIl/ /spOIl/
/U@/ /pU@/ /dU@/ /dU@l/ /bU@/ /fjU@l/
/I@/ /I@/ /dI@/ /sI@/ /fI@fUl/ /SI@/
/e@/ /De@/ /we@/ /he@/ /kle@/
/@U/ /g@U/ /n@U/ /s@U/ /t@U/
/AU/ /hAU/ /baU/ /taUn/ /daUn

Triphthongs and non-phonemic sounds in English
A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and on to a third with each vowel in equal length. English has five triphthongs:

/eI@/ /AI@/ /OI@/ /@U@/ /AU@/

Note: Students may not find triphthongs in the list of phonemes elsewhere because they are not considered vowels; only vowel combinations.

Non-phonemic sounds in English
/i/ /h{pi/ /mIni/ /nQti/
/u/ /prus@l/
/x/ /lQx/ /ba:x/
/?/ /lI?lŽ/








































The allophone
An allophone is the existing variety of a sound within the same language.

The Dark /lŽ/
/l/ has an allophone called the dark /lŽ/.
































The consonants common between Urdu and English
/b/
/p/
/t/
/T/
/dZ/
/tS/
/d/
/D/
/r/
/z/
/Z/
/s/
/S/
/f/
/k/
/g/
/l/
/m/
/n/
/w/ (dialectal difference)
/?/
/j/

Urdu consonants other than common ones